Prostate Cancer

Definition

Prostate cancer is a disease in which cells in the prostate gland become abnormal and start to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors.

Description

Prostate cancer is a malignancy of one of the major male sex glands. Along with the testicles and the seminal vesicles, the prostate secretes the fluid that makes up semen. The prostate is about the size of a walnut and lies just behind the urinary bladder. A tumor in the prostate interferes with proper control of the bladder and normal sexual functioning. Often the first symptom of prostate cancer is difficulty in urinating. However, because a very common, non-cancerous condition of the prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also causes the same problem, difficulty in urination is not necessarily due to cancer.

Cancerous cells within the prostate itself are generally not deadly on their own. However, as the tumor grows, some of the cells break off and spread to other parts of the body through the lymph or the blood, a process known as metastasis. The most common sites for prostate cancer to metastasize are the seminal vesicles, the lymph nodes, the lungs, and various bones around the hips and the pelvic region. The effects of these new tumors are what can cause death.

As of the early 2000s, prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among adult males in Western countries. Although prostate cancer is often very slow growing, it can be aggressive, especially in younger men. Given its slow growing nature, many men with the disease die of other causes rather than from the cancer itself.

Prostate cancer affects African-American men twice as often as white men; the mortality rate among African-Americans is also two times higher. African-Americans have the highest rate of prostate cancer of any world population group.

Signs and symptoms for prostate cancer are:

• need to urinate often, especially at night
• intense need to urinate (urgency)
• difficulty in starting or stopping the urine flow
• inability to urinate
• weak, decreased or interrupted urine stream
• a sense of incompletely emptying the bladder
• burning or pain during urination
• blood in the urine or semen
• painful ejaculation

What Causes Prostate Cancer?

Testosterone

Testosterone, the male hormone, does not cause prostate cancer but is known to feed its growth. Therefore, some prostate cancer treatments are aimed at blocking the body's production of testosterone.

Age

Men over age 50 are at risk for prostate cancer and risk increases with age. As studies into aging continue, scientists may find that the aging process produces biochemical reactions that contribute to abnormal cell growth. This is an area of intense research.

Heredity

If a man's father or an older sibling has had prostate cancer, he is at increased risk. Also, African American men are at increased risk.
Scientists are looking at genes that may be responsible for inherited prostate cancer. The genes under investigation are called Hereditary Prostate Cancer Genes 1 and 2 (HPC1, HPC2) and HPCX.
It is not yet known to what degree these genes are responsible for prostate cancer. It may be that genetically acquired prostate cancer develops differently than cancer from other causes, but more research into this theory is needed.

Genetics

Researchers are finding that genetic flaws are responsible for many cancers. Recent research has shown that a genetic defect may keep some men from developing a certain enzyme. This enzyme could mount a defense against cells vulnerable to cancer-causing agents in the environment.

Diet

Some studies have found that a diet high in animal fat may increase a man's risk for developing prostate cancer, while a diet high in fruits and vegetables (especially tomato-based products) may decrease the risk.

Prostate Cancer Tests

Discover which tests your doctor may perform to diagnose prostate cancer, treatments available such as radiation therapy, surgery, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy, as well as therapy used for advanced prostate cancer.

Digital Rectal Examination for Prostate Problems

Prostate-Specific Antigen Blood Test: Diagnosing Prostate Cancer

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Prostate Ultrasound and Biopsy to Diagnose Prostate Cancer

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Cystoscopy or Bladder Scope Test to Diagnose Prostate Cancer

CAT Scans and Prostate Cancer Diagnosis

MRIs to Diagnose Prostate Cancer

Six types of standard treatment are used:

• Watchful waiting or active surveillance
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Hormone therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Biologic therapy

What are the five most important lifestyle choices you can make to lessen your risk of prostate cancer?

1.Maintain a Healthy Weight

2. Don’t Overindulge on Red Meat or Fatty Foods

3.Eat the Right Amount and Type of Fruits and Vegetables

4.Exercise Regularly

5.Look Ahead to the Long-Term

Breast Cancer

Definition

So many people the don’t know about breast cancer.in this article we can learn what is breast cancer.

Breast cancer is caused by the development of malignant cells in the breast. The malignant cells originate in the lining of the milk glands or ducts of the breast (ductal epithelium), defining this malignancy as a cancer. Cancer cells are characterized by uncontrolled division leading to abnormal growth and the ability of these cells to invade normal tissue locally or to spread throughout the body, in a process called metastasis

From the statistic showing that case of breast cancer proplem is increasing in all the countris

The countries with the top 20 highest incidence of breast cancer are given in the table below.

• Belgium has the highest rate of breast cancer, followed by Denmark and France.
• The number of cases of breast cancer diagnosed in 2008 is equally spread between more and less developed countries (around 50% for each).
• The highest incidence of breast cancer is in Australia and New Zealand, Northern Europe and Northern America; and the lowest incidence in South-Central Asia and, Middle and Eastern Africa.

Rank Country Age-Standardised Rate per 100,000 (World) 1 Belgium 109.2 2 Denmark 101.1 3 France (metropolitan) 99.7 4 The Netherlands 98.5 5 Israel 96.8 6 Iceland 95.5 7 Ireland 93.9 8 Uruguay 90.7 9 Switzerland 89.4 9 New Zealand 89.4 11 United Kingdom 89.1 12 Finland 86.3 12 Italy 86.3 13 Australia 84.8 14 Canada 83.2 15 Luxembourg 82.3 16 Germany 81.8 17 Sweden 79.4 18 French Polynesia 76.8 19 United States of America 76.0 20 Argentina 74.0 20 Barbados 74.0

How do I check my breasts?

There’s no right or wrong way to check your breasts. Try to get used to looking at and feeling your breasts regularly. Remember to check all parts of your breast, your armpits and up to your collarbone.after that we have to know what we feel maybe there is different or like abnormal condition.after that look at the sign and symptom are given in the below.
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